PRCC Microbiology Practice Exam

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• Which process do enzymes primarily accelerate?
• What is a substance required by a cell that the cell synthesizes and therefore cannot obtain from the environment?
• A disease that has re-emerged in the population is known as what?
• Which type of organism obtains their energy through photosynthesis?
• Is the use of ethanol on a lab bench effective for reducing bacterial presence?
• A halo around bacterial growth on a starch plate indicates the activity of which enzymes?
• What is the stage called where the viral nucleic acid is integrated into the host cell's nucleic acid?
• Which term describes the stage where a population grows exponentially without significant limitation?
• What effect do high concentrations of certain antimicrobial agents have?
• Which of the following groups of microbes are all heterotrophs?
• Are ergots and aflatoxins produced by fungi?
• Which component is essential for cell membrane fluidity in bacteria?
• What type of toxins can some fungi produce?
• Is the optimal growth range the temperature range at which an organism's metabolic systems function least efficiently?
• When handling a test tube, should the cap be placed face down on a clean surface?
• What type of virus primarily uses lysis for the release process?
• What role do soaps and detergents typically play in microbial control?
• Which type of lymphocytes is programmed or sensitized during immunological memory?
• A pathogen that is able to establish an infection in an otherwise healthy host is referred to as a:
• Which of the following is NOT a method of motility for protozoa?
• Which method does not achieve its effect through oxidation?
• Items that come in contact with mucous membranes are considered which level of criticality regarding infection risk?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 R's related to immunity?
• Are signs and symptoms of disease more likely to occur with a primary immune response than with a secondary immune response?
• Are fimbrae and pili primarily used for attachment? True or False?
• What are the large channel proteins in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria called?
• A disease in which there are periods of pathogen inactivity or dormancy is a __ disease.
• Which type of carrier poses a greater risk to public health?
• True or False: Only the Classical complement pathway can be activated by any antigen or microbe.
• Which of the following organisms is often studied for its role in nutrient cycling?
• Does alcohol denature proteins and dissolve lipids?
• Which of the following best describes semi-critical items?
• Which of the following is not a consideration when prescribing an antibiotic?
• What characterizes a subclinical case of a disease?
• An infection characterized by a short duration and severe symptoms is known as what type of infection?
• Which bacteria are known to cause both Trachoma and Chlamydia?
• How can normal flora become pathogenic?
• Is lymphatic filariasis transmitted by mosquitoes?
• What is the most important factor to consider when choosing a microbial control method?
• What is the primary role of contemporary vaccines in public health?
• Which microbe is exclusively autotrophic?
• Which portal of entry is most common for human pathogens?
• Which microbial group is known for their ability to use inorganic substances for energy?
• True or False: Cyclosporiasis is transmitted via the fecal/oral route.
• Which of the following works primarily through oxidation?
• The three categories of vehicle transmission include all of the following except:
• One important function of fever is to increase the proliferation of which type of cells?
• What type of exotoxin includes an active portion and a binding portion?
• Which type of carrier poses the highest risk to public health due to not showing symptoms?
• True or False: A "sick" carrier poses more of a risk to public health than a "healthy" carrier.
• What temperature growth range is associated with hyperthermophiles?
• What is the scientific name of the causative agent for pinworms?
• Which of the following methods can lead to the development of antibiotic resistance?
• What is the causative agent for toxoplasmosis?
• What is the complete enzyme including its protein portion and any necessary cofactors called?
• Which viral disease is commonly treated after exposure with vaccination?
• Which cell shape is characterized by a spherical form?
• Which group of microbes is motile at some stage in their life cycle by flagella, cilia or cytoplasmic streaming?
• An infection that is confined to a single site or tissue is referred to as what type of infection?
• What is a biological vector?
• What is an antigen?
• Is serum IgA (the monomer form) found on mucosal surfaces and in exocrine gland secretions?
• In a closed system, which phase comes immediately after the lag phase?
• Which statement is true regarding all life forms and water?
• Alcohols are known to denature proteins and dissolve which component in cells?
• What type of contamination can lead to Giardiasis?
• Which type of immunity involves the production of antibodies by B cells?
• Which structure is responsible for motility in prokaryotic cells?
• The stage of disease development characterized by mild signs and symptoms is called:
• Which of these cycles do microbes NOT directly influence?
• A microbe with bound BDP factors triggers which pathway for complement activation?
• Which of the following statements is true about helminths?
• The cell membrane is structured as what type of bilayer?
• Can growth be inhibited by denying microbes access to growth factors?
• A pathogen that can exploit a weakened host is known as what type of pathogen?
• Which group of organisms would grow best at a pH below 5.5?
• What is the lipid A portion of the lipopolysaccharide layer associated with?
• Are the oxygen cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle influenced by the actions of microbes?
• An infection that involves multiple sites and/or organs and tissues is classified as:
• How is a bacteriophage primarily released from a host cell?
• What type of immunity is demonstrated by antibodies passed to an infant through breast milk?
• Which of the following is a vector for disease transmission?
• What term describes a virus that requires a co-infector for infection establishment?
• Do Ascaris larvae migrate to the lungs to mature before returning to the digestive tract?
• Which group of microbes uses peptidoglycan to construct their cell walls?
• Which protozoan pathogen is responsible for African Sleeping Sickness?
• Which fungal division is known for producing asexual conidiospores and sexual ascospores?
• Is it true that anaerobic bacteria cannot affect aerobic organisms?
• What type of cell primarily deals with the activation and orchestration of the immune response?
• Which immune response is characterized by memory B cells producing antibodies upon re-exposure?
• How are most bacterial diseases commonly treated?
• What term describes substances required by a cell that the cell cannot synthesize?
• What inhibitory substances are present in the EMB plate?
• What is a concern when using anti-fungal and anti-protozoan drugs?
• True or False: The stage of prolonged decline is highly dependent on the nutrient content of the media.
• Which factor does not play a role in the effectiveness of an antibiotic?
• Tularemia is transmitted by which type of vectors?
• What term describes the severity of disease and the strength of a pathogen's ability to establish an infection?
• A bacterial cell with a single flagellum is described as what arrangement?
• Which diseases are transmitted by mosquitoes?
• In which immune response might the signs and symptoms of a disease be minimal or absent?
• Parasitic Helminthes have all of the following characteristics except:
• Which enzyme allows bacteria to utilize citrate as a carbon source?
• Why was the liquid in the can found to be free of microbes?
• Do food spoilage, crop destruction, and bioremediation represent three examples of negative roles that microbes can play?
• What is the mode of transmission for Ancyclostoma duodenale and Necatur americanus?
• Which phase of microbial growth is least dependent on nutrient content?
• Which yeast group is characterized by symmetrical division?
• How do competitive inhibitors affect enzyme activity?
• Where should you begin sterilizing your loop in the Bunsen burner flame?
• What self-antigen is found on all nucleated cells in the body?
• What type of portal of entry is a wound infection?
• A red color developing after the addition of Kovacs reagent in a SIM tube indicates the presence of which enzyme?
• What does an active transport mechanism require to move substances across the plasma membrane?
• Which group includes both human normal flora and pathogens?
• Which of the following is not considered a virulence factor?
• What is the term for the cause of a disease, particularly in infectious diseases?
• Are fungal diseases like Pneumocystic pneumonia and meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neogormans considered "red flag" diseases for AIDS?
• Which enzyme is responsible for urea hydrolysis?
• Teichoic and lipoteichoic acids are found in the cell walls of which type of bacteria?
• Are Trachoma and Chlamydia caused by the same bacteria?
• What is the term for the inactive protein-only portion of an enzyme?
• Which group of organisms obtains both carbon and energy from organic chemicals?
• In which form do endospores primarily function?
• Which of the following structures can serve as an adhesin?
• Bacteria and Archaea reproduce through which process?
• Do enzymes catalyze a reaction by raising the activation energy?
• What is the primary function of plasmids in bacteria related to antibiotic resistance?
• What genus of bacteria is responsible for Leprosy and Tuberculosis?
• What type of organism is most likely responsible for Mycosis?
• Where does the substrate attach on an enzyme?
• Which organism uses peptidoglycan to construct its cell walls?
• True or False: Adhesions are necessary for pathogens to attach to host cells.
• If the outside of the can were sampled, what would you expect?
• True or False: The nematodes are classified as flat worms.
• If the media remains brown after the addition of alpha naphthol and potassium hydroxide, what does this indicate about the VP test?
• What is the primary action of a -cidal control method?
• True or False: The peptidoglycan consists of alternating n-acetyl muramic acid and n-acetyl glucosamine with tetrapeptide side chains.
• What is the primary method through which fungi reproduce?
• What term describes a reinforced cell membrane?
• Which of the following is NOT a genus associated with causing fungal tineas?
• What components must a virus have at minimum?
• Which structures are produced by some bacteria in response to adverse environmental conditions?
• Which of the following best describes the function of antibacterial medications?
• True or False: The innate immune defense operates either passively or by responding to foreign substances.
• Which mode of transmission involves a fomite?
• Which cells are primarily responsible for the body's adaptive immune response?
• True or False: Antiviral drugs work by inhibiting various parts of the viral multiplication cycle.
• What is the term for a curved rod in microbiology?
• Which of the following pathogens is primarily responsible for causing influenza?
• Organisms that utilize fermentation exclusively for energy production are known as what?
• What overall charge do teichoic and lipoteichoic acids give to the gram-positive cell membrane?
• What is the term for a chain grouping of three or more bacterial cells?
• In gram-positive cells, how do NAM-NAG backbones link together?
• Which type of immunity involves a direct response to viral infections?
• What is a hapten?
• Which term best describes a disease that occurs randomly within a population?
• True or False: The peptidoglycan backbones in gram-negative cells are linked by protein inter-bridges.
• Which antibody class is known for its ability to cross the placenta?
• True or False: The most common portal of entry for human pathogens is the skin.
• Which tinea specifically affects the head and scalp?
• Which of the following is NOT a goal of the inflammatory system?
• Malaria is caused by how many species of Plasmodium?
• What is the function of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
• Items classified as non-critical risk after exposure to microbes typically contact what?
• Which microbe is known to be the most abundant organism on Earth?
• Which of the following is classified as a eukaryotic microbe group?
• Are anaerobic bacteria capable of causing disease in aerobic organisms?
• What is the primary method used to contain a contagious disease?
• What type of feedback loops are important for maintaining homeostasis?
• A grouping of four bacterial cells is referred to as what?
• Which type of pathogen typically uses respiratory transmission as a portal of exit?
• What term describes a type of immunity acquired through exposure to elements in the environment?
• Which of the following best describes the route of transmission via mucous membranes?
• Which group of protozoans is motile by flagella?
• What is the etiology of an infectious disease?
• What antibody class is primarily found on the surface of B cells and is crucial for their activation?
• What type of ribosome is found in prokaryotic cells?
• Which statement is true regarding the action of heavy metals?
• Which type of organism do Ancyclostoma duodenale and Necatur americanus belong to?
• Diphyllobothrium latum is the causative agent for which type of tapeworm?
• Which enzyme is responsible for producing effervescence when interacting with hydrogen peroxide?
• True or False: All protozoans are motile at some stage in their life cycle.
• What term describes organisms that grow optimally at moderate temperatures?
• Which enzyme is indicated by the effervescence of hydrogen peroxide when added to bacterial growth?
• Which of the following diseases is not transmitted by the fecal/oral route?
• Which type of T cell is responsible for controlling and terminating an immune response?
• Are all species of plasmodium capable of causing malaria?
• Are endospores in bacteria primarily produced for reproduction?
• True or False: A hapten can elicit an immune response by itself.
• Which phase of microbial growth is characterized by stable population levels?
• Which antibody class is characterized as a pentamer?
• Which statement is true regarding non-competitive inhibitors?
• Which process would not be negatively impacted by microbial activity?
• What method is not used for the release of animal viruses?
• Which of the following is not a protozoan disease?
• Which factor should be considered before administering antibiotics?
• Which antigen is present on all nucleated body cells?
• What is the most important factor to consider when choosing a microbial control method?
• Which of the following conditions may indicate a systemic infection?
• Which disease is not transmitted by mosquitoes?
• In which fungal division are asexual sporangiospores produced?
• True or False: Some helminths can be hermaphroditic, possessing both male and female organs.
• True or False: Symbioses, normal flora, and bioremediation are examples of negative roles that microbes play.
• What is the role of adhesins in microbial pathogenesis?
• What is a common treatment for opportunistic fungal infections in immunocompromised patients?
• True or False: Vaccines are considered one of the best defenses against viral infections.
• The citrate permeate allows bacteria to digest citrate and use it as what source?
• Is it true that the mode of transmission for meningioencephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba spp. involves the amoeba entering the nasal passages while swimming?
• Are negative feedback loops considered regulatory mechanisms?
• What type of organisms is known to prefer cold environments?
• What is a fomite?
• What is the primary method through which vaccines provide protection against infections?
• One way pathogens may damage a host is through?
• The statement "The portal of exit is almost never the same as the portal of entry for a pathogen" is?
• Photoheterotrophs obtain carbon primarily from what source?
• Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves cytotoxic T cells and can take several days to develop?
• What is the primary role of the bacterial capsule?
• Which organisms are antibiotics ineffective against?
• What category of risk of infection pertains to items that come into contact with mucous membranes?
• What type of B cell daughter cell is specifically responsible for producing antibodies against the activating antigen?
• Diseases that are either new to the human population or have historically existed in very low incidence are referred to as:
• Which pathogen is responsible for causing both vaginitis and thrush?
• What risk is associated with antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis?
• Which type of bacterial cell grouping results from division in random planes?
• What is true about the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus?
• What is the main purpose of ethanol on lab surfaces?
• Which group of organisms would not typically have a cell wall?
• Which organisms thrive in high-salt environments?
• Which molecule is responsible for antigen recognition and presentation?
• Which bacterial diseases are caused by toxins produced by the bacteria?
• Do endospores have a role in the survival of bacteria during harsh conditions?
• When should a narrow spectrum antibiotic be used?
• Which group of organisms is known to be motile at some stage in their life cycle using flagella, cilia, or cytoplasmic streaming?
• Which type of organism prefers a high NaCl (salt) content environment?
• What type of fly transmits the helminthic infection known as River Blindness?
• Which control method is most effective for killing bacteria and spores?
• Which class of antibodies is capable of crossing the placental barrier?
• Are Meningococcal meningitis and gonorrhea caused by members of the genus Vibrio?
• In the immune response, which antibody class is produced first in the secondary immune response?
• What type of cell has a helical shape, similar to a screw?
• A yellow color in PRL and PRS indicates what type of byproduct?
• Is parenchymal repair characterized by supporting tissues and resulting in scar formation?
• Which type of microbe is primarily responsible for decomposing organic matter?
• Which of the following methods is considered a -cidal control method?
• What should you do after opening a tube before closing it again?
• What does a phagocyte presenting processed antigen to a B lymphocyte exemplify?
• What does it mean for a microbe to be categorized as semi-critical?
• Which antibody class is known for its ability to cross the placenta?
• What components make up a complete active enzyme?
• Where are the binding sites located on an antibody molecule?
• The stage of disease development that occurs between the exposure to a pathogen and the onset of symptoms is known as?
• Using an organism's characteristics to set it apart is known as:
• Which of the following is a characteristic of a satellite virus?
• What is the primary function of B cells in the immune system?
• What organelle in protozoans functions to remove excess water from the cell?
• Which mode of action of antibiotics inhibits the synthesis of metabolites?
• What is the primary concern about toxins in botulism and tetanus?
• Is Giardiasis transmitted by mosquitoes?
• What type of cell is required to activate a B cell when dealing with a T dependent antigen?
• True or False: The signs and symptoms associated with a clinical case of a disease constitute its syndrome.
• What is the most likely portal of exit for a respiratory pathogen?
• Which of the following is NOT a recognized mechanism of antibiotic resistance?
• Which of the following is not considered a virulence factor?
• The expected signs and symptoms accompanying a clinical case of a disease are referred to as?
• What type of ribosomes do prokaryotes possess?
• What are two common ways that antibacterial resistance develops in bacteria?
• What disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi?
• An abnormal increase in the number of cases of a disease in a population is referred to as a/an:
• Which complement component is known for both opsonization and activation of C5?
• Why might bacteria be present on hands after washing with soap and water?
• What byproduct is indicated by acidic fermentation in culture media?
• Which of the following is a type of exotoxins?
• What is an example of a protozoan disease that is sexually transmitted?
• What are the two types of asexual fungal spores?
• How does a successful pathogen typically interact with its host?
• What must enzymes maintain to function properly?
• Which of the following is a common portal of entry for pathogens?
• Substrates bind to what site on an enzyme?
• What is the black precipitate formed in SIM media?
• During which stage of a growth curve does the population remain relatively constant?
• What term refers to anything a microbe uses to stick to host cells or surfaces?
• What is one consequence of using broad spectrum antibiotics unnecessarily?
• A yellow color on a mannitol salt agar plate indicates what?
• What is the expected outcome of using soap and water to clean hands?
• Which fungal division is characterized by producing only asexual spores?
• Which two phases of the growth curve are directly dependent on nutrient content?
• What action should be avoided when dealing with a sterile loop?
• Is the statement true or false? A yellow color on mannitol salt agar indicates mannitol has been hydrolyzed by the enzyme beta-galactosidase.
• Which type of microbe transmits malaria?
• What type of organisms grow best in environments with a pH above 8.5?
• What characterizes a positive feedback loop?
• Can viral nucleic acids be both DNA and RNA?
• True or False: Cationic and acid-anionic detergents have a killing effect for some microbes.
• Do photoautotrophs obtain energy through inorganic chemicals?
• Which of the following statements is true regarding antibiotics?
• True or False: Fungi are nonmotile organisms.
• Is the statement "The most important job of the cell (plasma) membrane is protection" True or False?
• True or False: Cold, desiccation, and pressure are methods that kill microbes rather than inhibit growth.
• In treating infections, what is the preferred approach for antibiotic selection?
• Which disease is transmitted primarily through the tick vector?
• From which environment do hookworms and threadworms' larvae typically invade the skin?
• What is the first line of defense in the body's immune system?
• What type of microbial defense is referred to when the body's environment is unsuitable for certain microbes?
• What bacterium is often responsible for Impetigo and Scalded Skin Syndrome?
• What is the primary way viruses are combated through preventive measures?
• Which of the following Tineas is known to affect the groin region?
• Which phase of the viral cycle typically follows the synthesis of viral components?
• Which of the following describes microbial flora that benefit humans?
• Which of the following elements is classified as a trace element that cells need in small quantities?
• Which statement about antiviral medications is true?
• What kind of contamination is avoided in commercially canned liquids?
• True or False: Parasitic helminthes are motile and lack a cell wall.
• Is the statement true or false? A halo around bacterial growth on a starch plate after the addition of iodine indicates hydrolysis of starch.
• Which type of fungus primarily reproduces in asexual spores known as conidia?
• What is the most common portal of entry for human pathogens?
• True or False: The containment of a contagious disease would most likely involve quarantine.
• Which type of organisms would you likely find growing around thermal ocean vents?
• The entire eukaryotic flagellum or cilia is intracellular. What is the validity of this statement?
• A disease that can be transmitted from host to host by direct contact is a ___ disease.
• Microbial control methods are often selected based on the specific characteristics of what?
• Which mechanism involves the transfer of plasmids via a sex pilus in prokaryotic cells?
• Which of the following is NOT a shape of bacterial cells?
• Which site does a non-competitive inhibitor bind to on an enzyme?
• Which of the following potential pathogens are killed by antibiotics?
• Which antibody class is found bound to the surface of mast cells and basophils?
• Which antibiotics are typically effective against bacterial infections?
• What type of symbiotic relationship benefits both organisms involved?
• Which of the following substances is NOT associated with protein denaturation?
• Which statement is accurate regarding the life cycle of most helminths?
• Eukaryotic microbes are easily treated in humans due to differences in cell processes. True or False?
• Which of the following inflammatory mediators is NOT found in the Alternate Pathway?
• What is the most important function of the cell membrane?
• Which part of the prokaryotic flagella is located intracellularly?
• Platyhelminthes is divided into two categories, the trematodes and which other group?
• What type of glycocalyx is primarily used for protection?
• What effect does desiccation have on microbial growth?
• What part of a prokaryotic flagellum allows the filament to rotate freely?
• True or False: Cestodes (tapeworms) are all dioecious.
• What type of acellular agent is a naked strand of RNA that infects plants?
• Is the statement "A virus must consist of at least a nucleocapsid and a lipid envelope" true?
• True or False: One adaptation in parasitic helminths is their large egg production capacity.
• What is the key function of antibodies in the immune response?
• After the activation of which component do all three complement activation pathways become identical?
• What describes a pathogen that takes advantage of a host's compromised immune system?
• Adhesions in microbes are used for what purpose?
• What type of microorganism requires oxygen but is inhibited by high concentrations of oxygen?
• Our body does not provide a suitable environment for some microbes. Which type of defense does this statement describe?
• Which condition can be managed with a post-exposure vaccination?
• One of the main purposes of a fever in non-specific defense is to increase what?
• The majority of deaths each year worldwide are due to infectious diseases. Is this statement true?
• Which of the following is false regarding fungi?
• Which infection is commonly associated with a compromised immune system?
• What is the causative agent for Lyme disease?
• What type of immunity is represented by antibodies passed in breast milk?
• True or False: While secretory IgA is always present in breast milk, IgG can also be present if the mother has an active immune response.
• Do enzymes act as biological catalysts that lower the activation energy of a reaction?
• Which of the following is a pathogenic yeast?
• What is the primary function of the allosteric site on an enzyme?
• A strain that differs in metabolic capabilities is known as what?